Soviet films of silent era Essay Example

Soviet films of silent era Essay Soviet films of silent era The beginning of the new state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics marked the beginning of the silent era films in the soviet. The state was willing to invest in the film industry, which had largely been neglected, since they intended to use it as a political tool. The political authorities knew that films appealed to the masses and they were willing to invest in it so that they could find an avenue to appeal to the masses. This gave the directors leeway to find ways of creating films, which would attract people back to the cinemas since most people, were already burdened financially, and they could not afford tickets for the film. The decision by the private sector to introduce foreign films in the country marked a turning point for the movie industry in the country. The union was able to see how the other countries had advanced in the production of their films. They noted how the countries, especially America, were sophisticated in their production. This exposure enabled the m to change the way they produced the movies, as they adopted the foreign methods. Some of the most notable changes were especially realized in editing and as the moviemakers adopted these techniques, they were often criticized harshly for letting themselves be drawn more towards the American way. We will write a custom essay sample on Soviet films of silent era specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soviet films of silent era specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soviet films of silent era specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The film The Battleship Potemkin (1925) is among the best silent era films and it was directed by Eisenstein Sergei in 1925. The film portrays a rebellion drama about the Russian battleship Potemkin against the Tsarist regime officers, which occurred in 1905. This film is considered as one of the propaganda films of the time. Eisenstein produced this revolutionary propaganda movie and divided it into five episodes. He used the movie to test the montage theories and attempted to edit the film in a way that produced an emotional response. The film reveals the influence of political thought that was noted by Joseph Goebbels, a Nazi minister who called the movie a marvelous film. Although the movie was not banned in Germany, the defense officers were prohibited from watching it. Some of the principal elements used in The Battleship Potemkin (1925) are diverse. First, this propaganda film historically focuses on the Brussels World’s Fair of 1958 after the World War II and it is a political influence film of the time. Eisenstein’s is a historical Soviet filmmaker who uses his film to portray many heroes of the period. For instance, in the first part of the film, The Odessa Steps scene reveals the most celebrated massacre on the Odessa steps. This scene reveals the Tsar soldiers making endless flight steps in order to show their heroism. The massacre on the steps did not take place in real life but it is a form of propaganda demonstrating the imperial regime of the time. The demonstration made by the mass heroically reveals power and politics during the historical period. The editing style was made in such a way that produces an emotional response thus evoking sympathy from the viewer as well as urging feelings of consideration towards the rebellious sailors of the battleship Potemkin. The characterization used in the film is simple in order to make the audience see clearly and understand whom to sympathize with and who to hate for their cruel actions as depicted in the film. The overlapping editing style was employed in order to attract the attention of the viewers thus making the film appealing. Eisenstein employs montage theories that he used in testing the effect of the film editing to audiences. Eisenstein’s experiment was a mixed success but he was later disappointed when the film failed to attract many domestic viewers. However, his film attracted large audiences when it was first released in the international theatre and it shocked many audiences in both Soviet Union as well as overseas. The graphic contrast within The Battleship Potemkin (1925) makes the movie interesting to the viewers. Eisenstein utilized graphic design such as use of humorous images especially use of Odessa Steps, the image of a person with broken glasses and with his mouth wide open while screaming creates amusement. The fragmentation of crucifixion images and other artistic work pays honor to the scene. Additionally, the rapid and rhythmic editing style that was used makes the movie quite appealing. For instance, the instruments that were used were the flute, trumpet, percussion as well as stringed instruments such as the viola thus making the soundtracks of the film quite pleasing. The intercession of the music within the film was meant to commemorate the sixth anniversary of German Premier. The film was named the greatest film of the historical era because it creates dynamic tension among the viewers. This is because it was full of propaganda and the scenes revealed extreme violence. This made the movie banned in the Soviet Union because it created tension in countless people especially when it was first released. Nevertheless, the intercutting style that incorporated contextual text and a flashback narrative as well as elliptical editing used in the movie made many people pay tribute to the film. The use of a desperate crowd of people in the film was an indication of the demonizing nature of the Soviet regime and it was a representation of an inhumane tragedy. The film The Cigarette Girl of Mosselprom (1924) was produced in Soviet Union in 1924 by Mezhrapporn Russ. It was one of the first films produced in the silent era. It is a classic love tale that satirized life in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. It is the story of a young girl, Zina, who is ‘discovered’ by a movie company and she ends up becoming an actor. Three men are interested in Zina and they try all they can to get her attention. The movies title comes from the fact that Zina used to sell cigarettes. There are many moments where the characters do not understand each other and this brings about various complications and funny scenes. The movie was largely criticized for having a more Western appeal at the expense of the soviet traditions. The critics claimed the movie had a lot of American influence in terms of the language used and the emotions and sentiments expressed by the characters. Many of the people did not hold this thought however, and the movie was one of the most successful movies in the silent era. In terms of content, the movie was different from the common movies of the time in the Soviet Union. Most of the movies produced in the country showed the country’s struggle and hardships, and the revolution. The movie industry in the country had been experiencing slow growth because of the harsh economic times and the fact that the country’s movie industry had not opened up to the other countries. This changed however and the country began importing movies from America and the rest of Europe. This changed the movie industry in the country and the moviemakers started changing the way they were making movies. They changed the way movies were edited after seeing the more complex ways that American movies were made. The Cigarette Girl of the Mosselprom adopted some of these techniques, hence the criticism brought towards them that the movie did not reflect the Soviet Union. Prior to the American influence, Russian movies were more of theatrical performances One of the differences between American and Russian films especially before the Russian revolution was seen in editing. American films could incorporate many details within a short time and this aided in developing the plot. Russia did not produce lengthy films at the time. They learned how to develop the plot and avoid awkward moments in film by learning from the American films. In the film, the directors have tried to incorporate many details in several scenes. For instance, the arrival of MacBright is a classic example. The directors looked for someone who was overweight and smoked. He presented himself as a rich yet selfish man in the way he treated the taxi driver. The presentation of the rich in the society represents the capitalist system that was present at the time. The scene shows how the capitalist system exploited the vulnerable in the society. The image of the capitalist system in the society is replicated in many of the movies that were produced in the country in the 19 20s. The silent era movie The End of St. Petersburg (1927) was directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Mikhail Doller, and produced by Mezhrabpom in 1927. The main intention of filming the film was to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the revolution. The movie shows the atmosphere that surrounded Russia at the time of the revolution. It depicted people’s suffering as they moved from the farms to the city to look for work. It shows the internal conflicts that were facing Russia at the time. People were tired of the few capitalist who enjoyed majority of the wealth, yet the majority poor were suffering and they lacked food. It shows the impending war with Germany and the sacrifices that individuals and families had to make when their loved ones went to war. This is realized in the life of the protagonist, a peasant farmer who is forced to travel to the city in search of work. The farmer ends up being arrested and he is sent to fight in the war. The directors used various techniques to portray contrasting elements in the movie. For instance, they used different shots to emphasize the difference between various groups and individuals. This is clear in the way the images of the stockbrokers, who in this case represent the capitalist system, are contrasted with the dead soldiers. The photographer captured the images of the stockbrokers at a high angle, while he caught the images of the dead soldiers at close-up. The director was more interested in showing the courage of different individuals in the film. He realized this by demonstrating the conflicting situations and challenges that the people were going through. For instance in the movie, a woman carrying what seems to be her last portion of food is seen looking for her son so that she can share the meal with him. She instead ends up sharing with the men who are fighting the war. America was the face of the capitalist system and it often conflicted with communist nations. Russians had a different view of the capitalist system. They did not like the capitalist system since it only worked to benefit a few people in the society, while the majority struggled to survive. This resentment was not only reflected in real life, but it was also captured in the film. The film is a classic example of how the people felt towards capitalism. The director brought out this clearly in the way he depicted the stockbrokers making their deals and in the soldiers dying in the mud. The people were tired of capitalism and they fought to end exploitation. The directors noted the way the people were suffering during this period and he incorporated it in his work. Kuleshov developed his theory of making films in montage, which included combining different shots instead of the earlier practiced method of having individual shots. Other directors in the country developed the idea in the c ountry to suit their own taste. This technique was largely utilized by directors such as Eisenstein and Pudovkin. This is clear in the film as the protagonist appears in almost every scene. The movies in the silent era, just like some movies today, represented the society as it was then. One of the most common themes in the story is the way the system of capitalism was disliked by the people. Although capitalism was effective in most economies, it was not always reflected as such in other economies. Few individuals chose to exploit the people, especially the most vulnerable in the society, and this contributed the general negative perception that most people had. The end of the revolution and the beginning of a new union also marked the beginning of a new era in the silent movie industry. The moviemakers during this time realized that the American film industry was more sophisticated than their own. They realized that they had to add other themes, other than war related themes in the movies. They needed to attract people if they intended to develop and grow the movie industry in their country.

Essay on International Relations in East Asia Japan-China RelationsEssay Writing Service

Essay on International Relations in East Asia Japan-China RelationsEssay Writing Service Essay on International Relations in East Asia: Japan-China Relations Essay on International Relations in East Asia: Japan-China RelationsWill there be second Sino-Japanese war in Northeast Asia?The war is unlikely to occur in a long-run perspective. In light of the emerging globalization, China and Japan will rather shift toward cooperation than open confrontation. The current economic cooperation reveals ways for further integration and cooperation between two countries. In fact, China and Japan may follow the lead of European countries, which used to be the major rivals, such as France and Germany or Germany and the UK.What will be the cause of war?The war between China and Japan can occur because of disputes over Senkaku Islands or the wider support of Taiwan by Japan. However, the conflict over Senkaku Islands and Taiwan is unlikely to transform into the open military conflict. On the other hand, Senkaku Islands and Taiwan may become formal causes of the war. In addition, there may be informal causes, such as the rise of Japanese militarism, enhan cement of the economic power of China in Asia and the world, and possible retrieval of the US as the third power that appeases the region.What will be the most important factors for cooperation?The most important factors for cooperation will be the economic cooperation and integration; recognition of existing borders and retaining of the status quo of borders; the presence of the US in the region and its foreign policies in the region; the situation in North Korea and Chinese policies in relation to North Korea. The economic cooperation may become the major driver for the establishment of peaceful and pragmatic international relations between China and Japan. The recognition of existing borders will prevent possible conflicts between Japan and China for disputable territories. The US can remain the power, whose position will be determinant to prevent the war. North Korea can destabilize the entire region.

Nigeria and the Oil Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nigeria and the Oil Industry - Essay Example The paper also includes governmental policies with respect to oil industry. Trade Theory The companies do not necessarily trade to take advantages of the difference in their production and manufacturing capabilities but also to get benefit of the increasing returns. International trade has emerged over a period of time to be recognised as a key component in a nation’s growth and to enhance its economic performance. The new trade theory as introduced included a concept of ‘interindustry trade’. This allowed the trading practice between various industries belonging to different economies (Menipaz & Menipaz, 2011). The trade theory also states that the government of the nations can adopt necessary measures in developing the economic conditions of the citizens. The government of Nigeria is needed to take necessary steps involving the international trade practices (Bergoeing, 2003). A company is said to have achieved absolute advantage if it is capable of producing mor e goods than its competitors with the utilisation of same amount of resources or manufactures same quantity of goods with the utilization of minimum resources compared to its competitors. In this context, it is worth mentioning that Nigeria being one of the largest reserve nations of natural resources could have gained this advantage but due to the lack in advanced amenities and structures, and adequate law enforcement, the nation is deprived of this advantage (Bergoeing, 2003). In the era of international business, economic as well as social importances of international trade have played their role as the deriving theories influencing the international trading business (The Economy Watch, 2010). The Nigerian oil industry is facing instability with respect to declining condition of Niger delta adversely affecting the national economy and the sustainable growth of the related industry. Nigeria is included among the top ten nations that are considered to have richest reserves of oil o r natural resources. The main problem of Nigeria is that it has certain lacking in terms of advanced technology and infrastructure related to oil industry. As one of the major impacts of globalisation, the industry is facing tremendous competition from the outsiders (Foreign competitors). As stated by Adolor Uwamu, CEO of Seawolf Oilfield Services, the drilling for oil and gas is being carried out by the foreign companies in Nigeria and this has been a factor for the past 40 years (CNN, 2011; The Economy Watch, 2010). Participation of Nigerian Oil Industry in International Trade Nigeria’s international trade and export is significantly dependent on the oil and natural gas industry. After the introduction of economic reforms which was in the year 2005, the government of Nigeria has paid adequate attention in diversifying the nation’s export related profile. Oil and natural gas are considered as the primary products that are being exported of Nigeria. The nation is noted to export about 2.327 million of barrels daily, according to statistics of the year 2007 (The Economy Watch, 2010) as illustrated in the below figure: Nigeria’s Export Volume Source: (The Economy Watch, 2010). Globalisation and Regionalisation Nigerian government has taken necessary steps to reduce the exploitation of oil of Niger delta and declination of oil

Cracker Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cracker Control - Assignment Example They also need a Backtrack Live CD and a compatible wireless adapter that links with CommVIew for Wireless hotspots (Philip, 2008). These tools enable the wireless card to assume a monitor mode that helps in capturing data packets. A strong Wi-Fi network signal also enables the cracker to connect and disconnect from my network with ease. Hydra is another tool that performs fast dictionary attacks against numerous protocols thus facilitating cracking of systems. Numerous security principles or processes can address this problem when effectively implemented. These include the establishment of access control mechanisms and End-to-end encryption. Moreover, SSID hiding, MAC ID filtering, Static IP addressing, access control and integrity controls, and training on computer security can address this problem (Federal Trade Commission, 2011). We should also configure router passwords and firewall that prevent Wireless hotspots (Kent & Steiner, 2011). Other security principles include identifying the kind and purpose of personal information stored in files and on the computer (Federal Trade Commission, 2011). Keeping only the relevant information and disposing of irrelevant data in a proper manner can help in addressing this problem. Moreover, protecting stored data and establishing proper measures of responding to security threats avert cracking (Federal Trade Commission, 2011). Ultimately, nobody should divulge personal data without proper authori zation. These measures can limit crackers from gaining control of my network and

Discuss the characteristics of notoriety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss the characteristics of notoriety - Essay Example stic husbands and wives make themselves famous in their circle (family, friends and relatives) with their acts of notoriety towards spouse and other family members. As mentioned before one of the forms of the notoriety is about being famous. One type of being famous is being known to society for one’s badness. Generally the anti social elements like murderers, killers generally prefer to be unknown for the fear of capital punishment. But the notorious persons in that category tend to be famous, though working from underground. They want to make the people know about the nature and the things they do. They convey the message of their cruelty with the barbarity in the incident they are involved. We read in News Papers about serial killers who kill only women after raping them. We know about the persons who kill persons just for the sake of satisfaction of their cruel thoughts. In these serial incidents one can observe that the killers follow a system which establishes their cruelty and notoriety. Another form of notoriety is regarding the terrorists and extremists. They pretend that they are fighting for a cause, which is for the benefit of people. In that mask they do barbaric activities filled with cruelty and notoriety. They torch the busses and trains with people. They blast the public property causing harm to common people. With these incidents they want to establish themselves for the cause they pretend to fight for. But there are number of peaceful ways without showing notoriety to fight for a benevolent cause. But they do not tend to choose them. This tells us about the notorious mentality imbibed by (in) them. Terrorists are notorious when compared to common man who tends to live peacefully. But one can see notorious terrorists also now a days. For eg: when we consider the 9/11 destruction of WTC towers in US, it can be termed as notorious out of notorious as it involved not only suicide but also homicide. These types of notorious activities are the

House Wren Use of Riparian Corridors

House Wren Use of Riparian Corridors PROJECT JUSTIFICATION The South Platte Wildlife Management Area (SPWMA) is a 5,908 Ha property consisting of about 40km of floodplain forest with surrounding upland prairie (Knopf 1986). Riparian forests such as that which occurs along the South Platte River have been of particular interest to researchers investigating avian use of riparian corridors during migration (Machtans et al. 1996, Skagen et al. 1998), and juvenile dispersal (Machtans et al. 1996). A riparian corridor is a strip of vegetation that connects two or more larger patches, and through which an organism will likely move over time (Fischer and Fischenich 2000). Regardless of size or degree of connectivity, many studies have shown these vegetation strips along rivers support a higher diversity and abundance of birds than adjacent upland forests or grasslands (Stauffer and Best 1980, Tockner and Ward 1999). Periodic inundation of alluvial landscapes creates a shifting mosaic of aquatic and terrestrial transition zones (Tockner and Ward 1999 ). This ever-changing mosaic paired with increased water quality (Fischer and Fischenich 2000) results in the increased biodiversity. In 1980, researchers inventoried breeding bird communities at the South Platte River WMA in both riparian and upland areas and compared species densities between them (Knopf 1980). Their results indicated that the floodplain forest is valuable habitat for both resident and migratory species; while 38 species occurred along the rivers edge, only 9 species were present in the adjacent upland. In addition, 30 species were observed only in the floodplain, suggesting that these birds may not have been present at SPWMA in the absence of a riparian forest. Yet another surprising finding of this study was that House Wrens made up more than 20% of the bird community within the floodplain with an estimated density of 3.3 birds/Ha. House Wrens are secondary cavity nesters (SCN), and further studies have found that density of large trees, length of dead limbs and cavity density are the most important habitat variables for density of House Wrens at SPWMA (Sedgewick and Knopf 1990). Furthermore, cottonwoods are probably critical in creating suitable nesting habitat, and a lack of regeneration due to inundation could reduce the overall density of cavity nesters (Sedgewick and Knopf 1990). Many bird species not requiring cavities however, such as Brown Thrasher and Spotted Towhee, do not appear to be as immediately affected by flooding (Knopf and Sedgewick 1987). In 1992, researchers at SPWMA found that SCN bird density was indeed being limited by cavity availability along the river (Sedgewick and Knopf 1992). Knopfs studies over 30 years ago continues to be relevant to this day. As modern day urban sprawl encroaches on to natural landscapes, research on areas important to wildlife remains crucial. It is our goal to continue this study by assessing House Wren use of the area, by estimating House Wren density both within the wooded area, and in the adjacent upland using point counts. Furthermore, we would like to gain insight into whether House Wrens use this riparian corridor for dispersal movements through grasslands. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to estimate House Wren density along the South Platte River floodplain near Crook, Colorado using circular plot surveys. Specifically, our objectives are to: Compare House Wren use of a riparian forest and the adjacent prairie within the SPWMA; Estimate density of House Wrens within the riparian woodland and extrapolate this to other floodplain regions in the United States; and Compare this density with that of previous densities estimated in 1980. METHODS Survey Design Woodland vs. Upland Point Counts Building off of Knopfs 1980 study at this location, we will conduct 60- 6 minute (Thompson and Schwalbach 1995) point counts along the riparian woodland area encompassing about 3,800 Ha, and 60 counts within the adjacent upland area of 22,560 Ha. Points in both areas were created using the create random points tool in ArcMap 10.4.1, with a 300m allowance between points (Fig. 1). Any points falling in the river were moved to another random location. These surveys will be conducted between 24 May and 27 May. Riparian Woodland Use Point Counts Using a similar survey design, another set of 155 surveys will be conducted within the riparian woodland only. Although the efficiency in detecting new birds decreases after 3 visits to the same point (Smith et al. 1995), surveys will be replicated 4 times between 10 May and 26 May to adhere to Knopfs study. These survey locations were placed within the riparian buffer using a 200m allowance (Gutzwiller 1991) between points. These surveys will give a more accurate depiction of House Wren use of the woodland. Figure 1- Point count design Point Count Protocol Observers will use Garmin GPSMAP64 GPS units (Garmin Ltd., Schaffhausen, Switzerland) to navigate to each point. Observers will arrive at the first point of the day 30 minutes before sunrise, and wait silently for 5 minutes to allow birds to reposition themselves. Using a stopwatch, observers will recording all birds they see or hear for 6 minutes. All birds detected within 200m will be recorded (Savard and Hooper 1995, Thompson and Schwalbach 1995, Wolf et al. 1995), along with the radial distance to the bird from the point using a Nikon Aculon AL11 620 laser range finder (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Surveys will continue until 3 hours after sunrise (Lynch 1995). Additional environmental information will be recorded according to the provided survey data sheet (Appendix A). Assumptions in Survey Design In order to extrapolate the House Wren use of the surveyed area to the entire study area, we must meet two assumptions in regards to our survey design. These assumptions are critical to address before implementing the survey to ensure extrapolation is possible. First, the points must be randomly located. This states that to the best of our knowledge, the surveyed area is representative of the entire study region. In addition, we need a large sample of points (>20 points) that are evenly distributed across the study region. A sample of 60 points in each habitat meets this criteria, and an even distribution was achieved through use of a 200m allowance between points. Analysis Detection Function The probability of detecting a bird, given that it is a distance r from the observer is the detection function, denoted by g(r). This value will tell us how many House Wrens we are detecting relative to the real number of House Wrens in a survey. This is important to know, as not every individual is usually detected. We expect to see a detection function that has a broad shoulder and then decreases as distance increases (Thomas et al 2010). This means that the observer detects birds that are nearby at a higher rate, and as the distance from observer to bird increases, detection ability falls. Distance Sampling Assumptions In order to obtain reliable density estimates from point counts, we must meet several critical assumptions. The first is that birds are distributed independently of the point, which we did by placing the points at random locations. Secondly, we assume that birds directly on the point are detected with certainty, or g(0)=1. Third, all objects are recorded at their original location, prior to movement in response to the observer. Since observers are not moving, and utilize a resting period before a survey begins, point counts for a House Wren seems to be advantageous over a line transect. Next, all distances recorded are assumed to be accurately measured. This assumption will be met since observers will be using a range finder. Lastly, all detections are assumed to be independent from one another. This means that the presence of one House Wren will not attract or deter another wren from being present. Density Estimates Density estimates will be attained using DISTANCE 7.0 (CREEM, St. Andrews, Scotland). Since we already know that density and habitat differs to some degree between the forested and upland areas, we made sure to stratify the survey area into upland and riparian. Thus, density estimates will be calculated separately for each habitat. Density in point counts are calculated using the following equation (Thomas et al. 2006): where k is the number of points, w is the radius of each plot, and n is the number of birds detected within the plot. Once we have calculated House Wren density for both prairie and woodland habitats, we can also obtain global(overall) density for the entire area. This is done using the individual area sizes, and overall density for both habitats, in the following equation (Thomas et al. 2006): EXPECTED RESULTS AND BENEFITS With the South Platte River watershed encompassing such a large area, it is important to know how any land management practices would alter the bird community and secondary cavity nesters such as the House Wren. The proposed study will increase our knowledge of avian use of the woodland area surrounding the Platte River, which in turn will aid in future habitat alteration decisions. If funding for the proposed project is given, the project would start right away. Reports of raw abundance and estimated density will be submitted annually, and a final report in the form of a thesis will be presented at project closure. Project Deliverables will include: Annual Report of House Wren abundance and densities in each habitat. Final report by end of study discussing results and future considerations; final report will be in the form of a thesis. ENDANGERED SPECIES CONSIDERATIONS No special considerations need to be taken for the project in regards to endangered species, as our surveys will be non-invasive and do not require capture of animals. NECESSITY AND ETHICAL USE OF ANIMALS We will not be trapping or coming in contact with the study animals, however all federal and state guidelines regarding use of animals will be properly followed. PERSONNEL This study will require 3 avian survey technicians in order to meet the goals of the project. Two biologists already trained in identification of Colorado birds will be obtained through the Texas AM job board. The third person involved in this project will be a masters students at Texas AM University- Kingsville, and will act as the project leader. 2 field technicians to conduct point count surveys and enter data 1 project leader (M.S. student) to conduct surveys and coordinate survey methodology BUDGET Year1:$2.91 Flagging tape (Walmart), 3 at $0.97 $509.97 Laser rangefinder (Nikon Aculon AL11 620), 3 at $169.99 $599.97GPS unit (Garmin GPSMAP64), 3 at $199.99 $1000.00Apartment rental for one month $1,200. 00Rental truck (AVIS) $3200.00Technician salary, 2 at $1600.00 for one month Total:$6512.85 Year 2:$1000.00Apartment rental for one month $1,200. 00Rental truck (AVIS) $3200.00Technician salary, 2 at $1600.00 for one month Total:$5400.00 Year 3:$1000.00Apartment rental for one month $1,200. 00Rental truck (AVIS) $3200.00Technician salary, 2 at $1600.00 for one month Total:$5400.00 Project Total:$17,312.85 TIME SCHEDULE 2017Activity May 1-5Place flagging tape and distance markers at appropriate locations. May 10-23Conduct surveys within riparian woodland May 24-27Continue riparian woodland use surveys Begin woodland and prairie comparison surveys May 28Take down flagging tape and distance markers, data entry JuneData analysis July 312017 annual report turned in 2018Activity May 1-5Place flagging tape and distance markers at appropriate locations. May 10-23Conduct surveys within riparian woodland May 24-27Continue riparian woodland use surveys Begin woodland and prairie comparison surveys May 28Take down flagging tape and distance markers, data entry JuneData analysis July 312018 annual report turned in 2019Activity May 1-5Place flagging tape and distance markers at appropriate locations. May 10-23Conduct surveys within riparian woodland May 24-27Continue riparian woodland use surveys Begin woodland and prairie comparison surveys May 28Take down flagging tape and distance markers, data entry JuneData Analysis July 312019 annual report turned in DecemberFinal report turned in as M.S. thesis LITERATURE CITED Fischer, R.A., and J.C. Fischenich. 2000. Design recommendations for riparian corridors and vegetated buffer strips (No. ERDC-TN-EMRRP-SR-24). Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Engineer Research and Development Center. Gutzwiller, K.J. 1991. Estimating winter species richness with unlimited-distance point counts. The Auk 108(4):853-862. Knopf, F.L. 1986. Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern Colorado avifauna. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(2):132-142. Knopf, F.L., and J.A. Sedgewick. 1987. Latent population responses of summer birds to a catastrophic, climatological event. The Condor 89: 869-873. Lynch, J.F. 1995. Effects of point count duration, time-of-day, and aural stimuli on detectability of migratory and resident bird species in Quintana Roo, Mexico. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-149. USDA Forest Service. Machtans, C.S., M.A. Villard, and S.J. Hannon. 1996. Use of riparian buffer strips as movement corridors by forest birds. Conservation Biology 10(5):1366-1379. Savard, J.L., and T.D. Hooper. 1995. Influence of survey length and radius size on grassland bird surveys by point counts at Williams Lake, British Columbia. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-149. USDA Forest Service. Sedgewick, J.A., and F.L. Knopf. 1992. Cavity turnover and equilibrium cavity densities in a cottonwood bottomland. The Journal of Wildlife Management 56(3):477-484. Sedgewick, J.A., and F.L. Knopf. 1990. Habitat relationships and nest site characteristics of cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood floodplains. The Journal of Wildlife Management 54(1):112-124. Skagen S.K., C.P. Melcher, W.H. Howe, and F.L. Knopf. 1998. Comparative use of riparian corridors and oases by migrating birds in southeast Arizona. Conservation Biology 12(4):896-909. Smith, W.P., D.J. Twedt, R.J. Cooper, D.A. Widenfeld, P.B. Hamel, R.P. Ford. 1955. Sample size and allocation of effort in point count sampling of birds in bottomland hardwood forests. Monitoring bird populations by point counts. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-149. Albany, CA. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station p. 7-18. Stauffer, D.F., and L.B. Best. 1980. Habitat selection by birds of riparian communities: evaluating effects of habitat alterations. The Journal of Wildlife Management 44(1):1-15. Thomas, L., S.T. Buckland, K.P. Burnham, D.R. Anderson, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borches, S. Strindberg. 2006. Distance sampling. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics. Thomas, L., S.T. Buckland, E.A. Rexstad, J.L. Laake, S. Strindberg, S.L. Hedley, J.R. Bishop, T.A. Marques, and K.P. Burnham. 2010. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:5-14. Thompson, F.R. and M.J. Schwalbach. 1995. Analysis of sample size, counting times, and plot size from an avian point count survey on Hoosier National Forest, Indiana. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-149. USDA Forest Service. Tockner, K., and J.V. Ward. 1999. Biodiversity along riparian corridors. Large Rivers 11(3):293-310. Wolf, A.T., R.W. Howe, G.J. Davis. 1995. Detectibility of forest birds from stationary points in northern Wisconsin. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. Albany, CA. Apendix A- data sheet for avian point counts at South Platte Wildlife Management Area SOUTH PLATTE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA BIRD SURVEY Site #: ________________Habitat Type: Prairie / WoodlandDate: __________________ Observer Name: __________________________Start Time: _________________________ Wind: calm light moderate strongTemperature: 70 Cloud %: _________Precipitation: drizzle snow fog   Ã‚   SPECIES TIME Visual/ Aural DISTANCE (meters) NOT IN HABITAT (Flyover/ adjacent habitat) COMMENTS

A Comparison of God and Religion in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea Ess

God and Religion in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea      Ã‚   Jane Eyre, from Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, and Antoinette Mason, from Jean Rhys' Wide Sargasso Sea, both depict very different creeds. While Bronte created Jane with a Christian background, Rhys has birthed Antoinette into a more primitive, confused faith. Analyzing each writer's description of the red room will reveal the religious nature of their characters. In both texts, the rooms are symbolic of church. As Jane is sent to the bedroom of her dead uncle, Bronte relates it to a place of worship. "A bed supported on massive pillars of mahogany, hung with curtains of deep red damask, stood out like a tabernacle in the center". Due to the vast size and illustrious beauty of the bed, Jane saw itas a "tabernacle", or a place of sanctuary. Often churches contain such platforms, and Bronte hints to Jane's stance on Christianity by enabling her to see the "tabernacle" in the room. "Scarcely less prominent was an ample, cushioned easy chair over the head of the bed, also white, with a footstool before it, and looking, as I thought like a pale throne". This simile indicates the dais of God in heaven. Bronte set the chair over the bed which would be to Jane, a throne awaiting the tabernacle. Therefore, Bronte has used the furniture of the room to represent a house of worship in Jane's eyes, which illustrates her knowledge of the Christian idealogie s. Rh... ...ms as key religious references, both authors have created dynamic characters who are bound to their distinct beliefs. Works Cited and Consulted Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 Ciolkowski, Laura E.. â€Å"Navigating the Wide Sargasso Sea ¨ Twentieth Century Literature. Vol 43. 3. 1997:125-140. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990. Howells, Coral Ann. Jean Rhys. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London: Routledge, 1989. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1968. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London: Penguin, 1996. 1-15. A Comparison of God and Religion in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea Ess God and Religion in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea      Ã‚   Jane Eyre, from Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, and Antoinette Mason, from Jean Rhys' Wide Sargasso Sea, both depict very different creeds. While Bronte created Jane with a Christian background, Rhys has birthed Antoinette into a more primitive, confused faith. Analyzing each writer's description of the red room will reveal the religious nature of their characters. In both texts, the rooms are symbolic of church. As Jane is sent to the bedroom of her dead uncle, Bronte relates it to a place of worship. "A bed supported on massive pillars of mahogany, hung with curtains of deep red damask, stood out like a tabernacle in the center". Due to the vast size and illustrious beauty of the bed, Jane saw itas a "tabernacle", or a place of sanctuary. Often churches contain such platforms, and Bronte hints to Jane's stance on Christianity by enabling her to see the "tabernacle" in the room. "Scarcely less prominent was an ample, cushioned easy chair over the head of the bed, also white, with a footstool before it, and looking, as I thought like a pale throne". This simile indicates the dais of God in heaven. Bronte set the chair over the bed which would be to Jane, a throne awaiting the tabernacle. Therefore, Bronte has used the furniture of the room to represent a house of worship in Jane's eyes, which illustrates her knowledge of the Christian idealogie s. Rh... ...ms as key religious references, both authors have created dynamic characters who are bound to their distinct beliefs. Works Cited and Consulted Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 Ciolkowski, Laura E.. â€Å"Navigating the Wide Sargasso Sea ¨ Twentieth Century Literature. Vol 43. 3. 1997:125-140. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990. Howells, Coral Ann. Jean Rhys. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London: Routledge, 1989. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1968. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London: Penguin, 1996. 1-15.